Critical Analysis: Death and Justice by Edward Kotch Essay

In his exposition concerning the death penalty entitled â€Å"Death and Justice†, which originally showed up in The New Republic on April 15, 1985, Edward I. Koch forcefully discredits the cases of people who are against the topic with seven firm and fulfilling focuses. A local of New York, brought into the world 1924, Koch was an American legal advisor, government official, political pundit and an unscripted tv judge. He earned his law degree in 1948 from New York University and specialized in legal matters in New York City for nearly two decades from that point. He was an individual from the U. S House of Representatives, serving from 1969 to 1977 and in the later year, he was then chosen as New York civic chairman, holding the post until 1990. With such a solid and wide assortment as far as profession, it is my conviction that his perspectives discussed in this exposition by method of his, sensible, moral and reasonable intrigue are very much idea out and impartial. Fair or unbiased, maybe, because of the way that with the reply style in which the contention was composed, the restricting cases would initially must be distinguished and assessed before creating a protesting reaction. The bit of work as I would see it accomplishes its motivation and is efficient by utilization of logos, poignancy and ethos, along these lines affecting a fruitful however in fact disputable exposition. As referenced in my starting section, the paper is painstakingly organized into seven tough focuses in which every, Koch recognizes the cases of his rivals followed by his reply contentions. This makes the piece a lot simpler to follow and decipher, henceforth making his contentions very clear and compact. This additionally impacts the perusers to get a handle on a superior information on his position thus expanding the likelihood of peruser understanding. In this coherent arrangement of thoughts, every contention is additionally supported by the utilization of analogies, if, then†¦ explanations, insights, stories and the utilization of trustworthy sources (specialists, researchers). Some all through the content occur as follows: in his first invalidation where he dismisses the explanation that capital punishment is primitive and draws and relationship among disease and murder. It is my view this was a very powerful system utilized by Koch as analogies support interest and builds comprehension of an new subject by contrasting it with something that is very natural; in his third nullification where Koch disproves the assessment of the rival that a blameless individual may be executed unintentionally. By method of measurements he demonstrated this was never the situation. He refered to an investigation of 7,000 executions in the USA from 1893 to 1971, and presumes that the records neglect to show that such cases happen. Measurements eventually represent themselves, requiring no further explanation subsequently why their utilization is very compelling and for this situation, completely convincing. This was an incredible execution in the region of logos which completely dismissed the contradicting guarantee no ifs, ands or buts. Surprisingly Koch doesn't end that specific contention there but instead proceeds by setting up truth and growing such truth by models. He says â€Å"Human life merits uncommon insurance and probably the most ideal approaches to ensure that security is to guarantee that sentenced killers don't slaughter again†. He at that point continues by giving a model, and for this situation, of an unexecuted recidivist killer named Lemuel Smith who was condemned to around six years life sentence. This was flawless! Why you may inquire? This equivalent killer at that point executed a lady prison guard. Extra life sentences for Smith, as indicated by Koch are â€Å"meaningless†. It is my view that models emphasize and re-uphold an idea or thought, for this situation the prior gave measurement. This model gave additionally incited one’s sane reasoning and basic thinking subsequently expanding the likelihood that perusers are slanted to concur with Koch and his situation; in his fourth invalidation where he disproved that death penalty corrupts the estimation of human life. In his perfect utilization of if, then†¦ explanations, Koch says â€Å"if we bring down the punishment for assault, we bring down our view or respect for the victims’ enduring, embarrassment and individual uprightness. In a similar occurrence, by demanding the most elevated punishment for homicide, we at that point confirm the most elevated estimation of human life†, which impacts consistent thinking and basic reasoning, the two structures and specialties of talk used to convince mentally (logos). To finish up my first point, it is my view that the article did in certainty follow a coherent arrangement of thoughts by method of seven clear focuses. Each point was additionally legitimized by utilization of logical techniques to make the contention considerably more reasonable just as convincing. It is sheltered to state that Koch’s paper was especially ground-breaking where logos is concerned. All through the content, in spite of not in wealth, there is in certainty some feeling of enthusiastic intrigue (tenderness). In spite of the fact that Koch’s essential tone all through the piece is forceful, he particularly figures out how to engage our feelings in certain unique circumstances. For instance, again, take his fourth invalidation where he discredited that death penalty undermines the estimation of human life. He utilizes assault, a passionate and tricky point for any person inside our general public, and essentially goes on further to express that in the event that we bring down the punishment for assault, we bring down our view or respect for the victims’ enduring, mortification and individual uprightness. His utilization of implication with words, for example, â€Å"victims’ enduring, appalling experience, mortification and expanded danger† summoned an inclination compassion toward the person in question and the circumstance by the manner in which it engaged the heart and to one’s feeling. Assault is in reality a horrendous event for which compassion is normally given to the person in question. It is my conviction that Koch intentionally took advantage of the lucky break to request the readers’ passionate consideration by bringing out a feeling of pity or compassion in his endeavors for us to conceptualize and concur with his point. Generally excellent move! Given the foundation data gave in my underlying passage, it is inferred that Koch is a valid source. This was a hidden foundation of ethos. All through the content, his tone recommends authority just as believability. He was a legal counselor, a TV judge, a legislator and a city hall leader. He was a balanced researcher with an assorted work history. It is of my conclusion that he has managed a wide range of cases on a wide range of training. The territory of ethos is in this manner suggested. In spite of the fact that generally, the ethos is in reality fundamental by method of his experience data, all through the content you can even now observe traces of his power. Take for instance, in his fourth invalidation; he scorns his faultfinders, one specifically, Jimmy Breslin by calling his announcement in regards to the death penalty sophistic drivel. Not exclusively is this parody yet foundation of power by method of ruining another’s sentiment. This in certainty was compelling as it shows that Koch has in actuality done his examination in regards to what his faultfinders have said subsequently setting up him as a trusted and unprejudiced source. Another model can be found in his 6th nullification, where he makes reference to the holy book, he builds up validity by acquainting us with the best masterminds of the nineteenth century †Kant, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Mill who all concurred that common law appropriately approved the sovereign to take life so as to vindicate equity. As per philpapers. organization, an online research theory motor it tends to be said they were all notable scholars who are viewed as focal figures of current way of thinking. â€Å"Name-dropping† is probably the most effortless approaches to convince a crowd of people as most of us individuals will in general follow the manner by which celebrated individuals going from big names to researchers, think. This at that point impacts the manner in which society thinks thus my conviction that the utilization of sound sources in this occasion was faultless. Inside a similar contention (the 6th invalidation), I additionally saw that it was not one-sided or unreasonable as he incorporates that Jeremy Bentham, another extraordinary logician, was irresolute to the cases of the others. He doesn't forget about any data henceforth making the contention reasonable and trustworthy, which thus builds up his validity and credibility. He at that point proceeds to build up extra validity by uncovering names of different researchers (Washington, Jefferson and Franklin) who supported the case. This was successful in convincing us as the perusers to comprehend and acknowledge his perspective. Passing and Justice† is an adequately composed article which reasonably refutes the cases of people restricted to the death penalty. Each passage inside the paper is very much idea out and composed successfully. With the utilization of logos, sentiment and subconscious types of ethos, Koch impeccably accomplishes his motivation of convincing the perusers to conceptualize, comprehend and concur with his cases and assessments in regards to capital punishment. Despite the fact that Koch criticizes the adversary all through some applies of the content, the perusers are as yet ready to get a handle on his forceful and more likely than not genuine tone. It is my assessment that the contention introduced was fair and unprejudiced, taking into the thought the counter style where it was composed. This bit of composing has not, and will not be constrained to the time in which it was composed as the contention introduced is questionable, and in proceeded with banter.

Functions of the Digestive System

Elements of the Digestive System Social insurance Support John Fenton Section A: Recognize the pieces of the Digestive System on the chart overleaf(see Diagram 1) Clarify the capacity of each piece of the Digestive System recognized in the outline above ? Presentation: The part of medication concentrated on the stomach related framework is Gastroenterology. The stomach related framework is a lot of organs that take a shot at food and drink to separate them into substances the body can ingest with the goal that our body can develop, fix itself, have vitality to live. The Digestive framework additionally disposes of the waste that the body can't utilize. A few organs have an immediate contribution to the breakdown of food where others have a backhanded contribution to the breakdown. The stomach related framework is comprised of 2 sections the wholesome waterway is comprised of the oral depression, pharynx, throat, stomach, small digestive organs, and internal organs. Notwithstanding the wholesome trench, there are a few significant Accessory organs that help your body to process food they are teeth, tongue, salivary organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Mouth is the place food and drink enter the body and it has numerous parts that guide in separating the food. The teeth which there is 32 of them comprised of incisors canine and molars which cut and tear the food breaking it into littler pieces (mechanical processing) the tongue saturate the food with bodily fluid and the salivation organs discharge spit to help split it up into a mash and amylase chip away at starch to break it down.so as the food leaves the mouth to go down the throat(pharynx) it is shaped into a bolus or mash which makes gulping simpler. At the highest point of the larynx there is a fold called the epiglottis which forestalls food going towards the lungs yet rather allowing into the throat. Throat or windpipe is a strong cylinder interfacing the throat to the stomach this foodpipe powers the food down to the stomach utilizing solid waves called peristalsis and alongside bodily fluid from the throat. Toward the finish of the throat there is the cardiovascular sphincter that permits the bolus into the stomach yet forestalls the food returning up the throat. Stomach: It is C molded sack that hold food until it is all set into the small digestive system. The stomach discharge hydrochloric corrosive which help processing yet eliminates microscopic organisms. The stomach blends and stirs the food with the assistance of the wave like muscles(peristalsis) and catalysts help to synthetically separate the food when food leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter it is rich and is called toll. Small Intestine: It is 7 meter long and it resembles a snaked hose and is comprised of 3 sections the duodenum, jejunum ileum 90% of the processing both compound and mechanical happens here and some ingestion into the circulation system .The liver produces bile and sends it to the nerve bladder and afterward exhausts the bile into the duodenum and pancreatic juices are additionally go into the duodenum so as to help in the breakdown of food. There is manor in the dividers of the small digestive tract which makes ingestion into the circulatory system conceivable. Digestive organ: is a long, thick cylinder around 2  ½ crawls in measurement and around 5 feet in length. It folds over the small digestive tract. It has 3 sections climbing colon, the transverse colon, the diving colon. The internal organ gets undigested food from the small digestive tract and reabsorbs water once more into the circulation system from the dung. Some undigested sugars can't be retained and structure some portion of the waste that requirements to leave the body. There are microscopic organisms in the internal organ which make significant substance called nutrient K. Dung in the internal organ leave the body through the butt-centric channel. The liver is the biggest organ in the body it is delicate and ruddy and earthy colored in shading. It isn't considered as an immediate piece of the stomach related framework. It produces bile that guides in absorption by separating material and help making waste items that will later should be wiped out from the body. It demolishes hurtful microbes that originate from the stomach related tract and it stores significant nutrients that is in the food The nerve bladder is a pear molded sac appended by the cystic and bile channels to the liver, stores bile which is made by the liver in a concentrated structure until it is required. the covering has numerous folds.it secretes the bile when it is needed.it is a thick fluid. The Pancreas is a grayish pink organ molded like a fish it is associated with the duodenum at its tail. The pancreas secretes stomach related compounds into the small digestive tract to finish the synthetic processing. The cells of the pancreas are separated into the islets of Langerhans(which produce insulin glucagon) help control the sugars in the blood pancreatic juice help to breakdown food. The juices contain lipose, amylase, trysin. Addendum: Is between the little and digestive organ it a slim cylinder 4inches long, it isn't comprehended what its capacity is nevertheless it is proposed that it stores great microbes. Rectum: Is 12cm long it is constantly vacant with the exception of when it gets the substance of the colon(faeces) which it stores until it is discharged from the body through the rear-end. Anus:This is the place the defecation leave the body it contains 2 muscles one automatically and the other willfully which implies dung can be held inside until the individual is prepared to discharge. The elements of the stomach related framework. are presently finished they are ingestion, processing, impetus, retention and elimination.(Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012) Diagram the structure of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and clarify how every one of them are processed and consumed by the body? Presentation; All the food we eat should be separated by the body all together for the body to have the option to utilize it. Our eating regimen must be adjusted all together that our body got the right supplements essential for it to be kept up and for our bodies to work appropriately. The food pyramid plots the parts fundamental for adjusted sound eating regimen. See chart underneath that causes us to comprehend the nourishments that contain Proteins Carbohydrates and fats and how they are helpful to the body. (Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012) Type Source Capacity Processed by Body Consumed by the body Proteins eg Beans,fish,Cheese, Chicken, Meat Fix Maintain Body (Building squares) Wellspring of Energy for body Make a few Hormones eg Insulin Stores Moves Molecules Makes Antibodies to forestall contamination Significant Enzymes The Enzymes Pepsin from Pancreas/Stomach/Small Intestine. As Amino Acids Fats eg Chocolate,milk,Butter, Olive Oil,Nuts. Gives Vitamins A,D,E,K. Protects the body continues internal heat level. Transforms Fat into Energy Lipase Enzymes breakdown fat in small digestive tract Unsaturated fats Glycerol Starches eg Potatoes, Cereal,bread Primary Source of fuel. Effortlessly utilized by the body for Energy. Put away in certain Organs for utilize later. Significant in Intestine and aides in squander Elimination Pancreatic Amylase deals with Carbohydrates in the Duodenum As Monosaccharides PART B: Draw an outline of a run of the mill cell, and express the capacity of each of it’s Organelles.(See Diagram 2) Presentation: The cell is the littlest living unit there are 50 trillion cells in the human body that can't be seen by the unaided eye. Cells shift fit as a fiddle and size and each part in a cell has a vocation to do which add to the capacity of the cell. A gathering of comparative cells cooperating structure tissue and various tissues make up an organ and various organs make up an organ framework like the stomach related framework and when these frameworks cooperate the outcome is a person with all framework cooperating. The following is illustrated the primary segments of a creature cell. Cell Membrane: Regulates and controls transport in(food Oxygen) and out(CO2 Waste) of the cell and furthermore gives a limit around the cell. Cytoplasm is a gel like material that lies between the cell film and the core, contains water and supplements and secures the cell. Unpleasant Endoplasmic Reticulum: It has rough tissue and creates and moves proteins and hormones around the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: making and circulating atoms relying upon the sort of cell with a smooth surface. Ribsomes: They are a circle shape and they fabricate protein from amino acids for the cell. Golgi Body: It assembles basic particles makes them into progressively complex atoms at that point bundles them into vesicles and afterward either clutches the material or sends it out of the cell. Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the cell as they give the vitality to the cell. The DNA is additionally found here.it separates food and it discharges vitality to the cell. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is created here and it controls the cells forms. Neuclear Membrane: holds substances inside the Nucleus permits material in and out among core and cytoplasm.it is an assurance layer for the core. Neuleous:The fundamental parts are DNA,RNA and proteins, the primary capacity is helping in making ribosomes. Core is a stringy material, it is the control focus of the phone. It contains chromosomes with the DNA and materials leave the core through the pores. Lysosomes: The removal arrangement of the cell, they breakdown complex proteins into simplier structures.it digests squander material and causes fix harm to the cell. Cilla: Is a hair like structure on the cell film moves substances along the outside of the cell and furthermore assists with moving the cell.(Course Notes (2015). Characterize tissues into the four fundamental gatherings; epithelial, connective, muscle, and anxious, give a case of each ? (Table configuration will do the trick) Presentation: The investigation of tissue is called histology. Tissues are the assortment of cells with a comparable structure and capacity. At the point when the tissues cooperate they structure into an organ. There are 4 sorts referenced in table underneath. (Exhaust, 2012) Type: Capacity: Model: Epithelial Tissue †covers body surfaces

4 Natural Remedies to Help You Quit Smoking

4 Natural Remedies to Help You Quit Smoking More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Smoking is one of the most difficult addictions to overcome, so its only natural that you want to try anything that might help. Many smokers look to natural remedies to help them quit, but not all of them are effective or actually safe for you to use. When youre seeking natural alternatives to help you quit smoking, there are a few that you might try. There are no guarantees that they will work, however. Many people who successfully quit used multiple approaches, including counseling or a support system. Acupuncture Acupuncture is a common therapy  that some people use to help them quit smoking. The acupuncture needles used are usually hair-thin. They are inserted into various points in the ear where they remain for about 20 minutes. For help in between sessions, many acupuncturists provide tiny balls (the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen), that are taped with invisible tape to the ear. When a craving for cigarettes hits, the smoker is instructed to press gently on the ball, which stimulates the acupuncture point. One five-year study in Hong Kong of 5,202 smokers concluded that acupuncture was both an effective and safe method to help smokers quit. The study notes that the number of cigarettes per day decreased and that the average time to relapse was 38.71 days, which was longer than 35 days in E-cigarette and 14 days in nicotine patch.?? The number of acupuncture sessions made a significant impact on success, with most people receiving eight sessions within the first month. St. Johns Wort The herb St. Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum) is used primarily for depression. Researchers have been trying to figure out if its effective for smoking cessation as well. The results are mixed.?? Although St. Johns Wort appears to be reasonably safe when taken alone, it can interfere with the effectiveness of prescription and over-the-counter medications. This includes antidepressants, drugs to treat HIV infections and AIDs, drugs to prevent organ rejection for transplant patients, and oral contraceptives.?? St. Johns wort is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women,?? children, or people with bipolar disorder, or liver or kidney disease. Ginseng Ginseng has been shown to prevent the nicotine-induced release of the neurotransmitter dopamine.?? Dopamine is what makes people feel good after smoking and is part of the addiction process. Although intriguing, no studies to date have examined whether ginseng supplements can help people quit smoking. Hypnotherapy The next question many people have is whether hypnotherapy can help. It sounds like a good alternative to prescription and over-the-counter stop-smoking aids, but is it effective? According to one randomized trial, hypnotherapy is only slightly more effective than behavioral relapse prevention intervention. After three days of not smoking, participants were placed in one of the two groups. The hypnotherapy group had a 29% success after one year, while 28% of people in the counseling group had quit.?? In another study, hypnotherapy was compared with common nicotine replacement therapies (NRT). The two were also combined for some of the hospital patients in the study. The methods were used and followed after the participants were discharged from the hospital. The conclusion was that hypnotherapy was more effective NRT in long-term abstinence, though there was no improvement when the two therapies were combined.?? Lobelia Is Not Recommended The herb lobelia (Lobelia inflata) has been promoted to help people fight the effects of nicotine withdrawal and it is found in many anti-smoking products. The active ingredient in lobelia is lobeline and it is thought to have similar actions on the body as nicotine. In 1993, however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) temporarily prohibited the sale of certain lobelia products marketed to help people quit smoking. According to the report, the reason was that evidence showed they were not effective.?? Lobelia has since been placed on a list of smoking cessation ingredients that require FDA approval. Later research has shown that lobeline may increase levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, an effect similar to cigarettes. Dopamine influences mood and produces feelings of pleasure. There is still no evidence, however, showing that lobelia supplements help people quit smoking.?? Lobelia is a potentially toxic herb, however, so it cannot be recommended.  It is also in the FDAs Poisonous Plant Database. Lobelia can cause dry mouth, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, confusion, seizures, and coma. In larger doses, it can even cause death.?? People with heart disease, high blood pressure, heart disease, tobacco sensitivity, paralysis, seizure disorder, shortness of breath, or who are recovering from shock are at particularly high risk. Pregnant and nursing women and children should never take lobelia. A Note From Verywell Scientific support for the claim that any remedy can help with smoking cessation is limited. Supplements havent been tested for safety and are largely unregulated. This means that the content of some products may differ from what is specified on the product label. Also, keep in mind that the safety of supplements in pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. If youre considering the use of any form of alternative medicine, talk with your primary care provider first.

The Recipe for a Happy Marriage - 635 Words

America is the land of the free and home of the brave. As American citizens, we enjoy exercising our liberties and fighting for what we believe in. This includes freedom in regards to romance, love, and marriage. Yet, sometimes our cultural backgrounds and family interfere with our given liberties. Movies, and other forms of artistic expression, often point out societal flaws and bring to light underlying issues. Comedic expression is a popular way to get across serious points, because the audience is more receptive to humor and happiness than anger and sadness. It is just like the old adage â€Å"you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.† This is why we see big issues of politics, materialism, environmentalism, and so forth taken to the screen to reach a larger audience. For example, the movie Supersize Me successfully brought attention to the negative health and environmental impact of fast food chains. Even though the movies It Happened One Night and My Big Fat Gre ek Wedding are decades apart, they both bring attention to the underlying concerns for how young people meet and fall in love. Cultural background, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are factors in determining a socially acceptable couple. This can unfortunately perpetuate racism through endogamy. Endogamy requires people to marry within their own group. In America, we are a melting pot of cultures, and sometimes cultures will demand their members marry only members of the same background. In My Big FatShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Food and Recipes in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of food and recipes in Like Water for Chocolate by: Laura Esquivel From the time of Adam and eve, food is always a very essential need of human life. Due to good or bad eating habits and the difference in human body sizes is always noted. 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The Speech To The Virginia Convention Rhetorical Analysis

Rhetorical Analysis of Henry Outline Introduction Attention getter- Thesis- The rhetorical devices in the Speech to the Virginia Convention by Patrick Henry is very effective. Appeals Emotional Context and quote- This quote appears during Henry responds to the opposing argument, giving reasons to refute it. â€Å"There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come† (82). Effective- Henry is mentioning the motif of slavery. He exclaims how the colonies would essentially become prisoners under the control of the British. He uses the word â€Å"clanking† to appeal to pathos to create the horrid images†¦show more content†¦Use of Language Allusion Context and quote- Henry makes an allusion to Homer’s Odyssey during his speech in the Virginia Convention. â€Å"We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts† (81). Effective- In The Odyssey, Odysseus’ men fall asleep while listening to the soothing singing of the siren Circe, who then transforms each of the men into beasts. Henry uses this allusion to compare the well-known book to the state of affairs between the colonies and Great Britain. His goal is to convince the colonial leaders that they have no choice but to fight against the British. Henry wants to ensure that the colonists do not remain idle while the British transform them into beasts. The colonists needs to take action and fight for their freedom. Restatement Context and quote- Henry is describing how powerful and great the army of the colonies could be if they attempted. â€Å"The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave† (82). Effective- Henry uses restatement to stress the importance of the impending war. He feels strongly that a war is needed because the colonists must fight for their freedom. War isn’t only for those who can and will fight, it’s for anyone who wants a better life. The battle is for the brave people, and the ones who are ready for danger, and are active. Because theyShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Speech To The Virginia Convention863 Words   |  4 PagesPatrick Henry, a speaker at the Virginia Convention, proclaims, â€Å"I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!† (Henry 7). In an attempt to allure a congregation with antithetical perspectives, Henry urgently supplicates for the proclamation of war in opposition to the British rule. After acknowledging the multiple accounts of unjust occurrences against the colonists, he implores the individuals in his audience to confront the inconsiderate government. TheRead M oreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henrys Speech At The Virginia Convention807 Words   |  4 Pages Patrick Henry Rhetorical Analysis In 1775, the citizens of colonial America were under distress due to the pressure coming from Great Britain. The citizens wanted liberties, however, the country as a whole was reluctant to push the issue to a point of initiating war. In his speech at the Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry argues how war is crucial for Americans to gain the liberties they pursue by explaining that British invasion is inescapable and illustrating how the citizens are ready and preparedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech At The Virginia Convention1915 Words   |  8 Pagesto close his speech to Virginia Convention. During this time period, the 1770s, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all made arguments in favor of separation of the American colonies from Great Britain; many of these appeals were persuasive for different reasons, whether that be logical, emotional, or pertaining to credibility and trust, which is to say logos, pathos, and ethos. First of all, we will examine Henry’s arguments during his speech at the Virginia Convention. Then, we willRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1341 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Patrick Henry’s Speech in the Virginia Convention (Brainstormed with Caroline Schwanawede, written independently) Amid the early conflicts between the American colonists and the British government, in addition to their supporters, these two groups experienced the difficult reality of colliding with an opposing set of values and lifestyles to their own, leading to mutual feelings of hostility and resentment and establishing a widespread want for a revolution in the colonialRead MorePatrick Henry s Give Me Liberty1784 Words   |  8 PagesPatrick Henry’s â€Å"Give me Liberty, or Give me Death:† A Rhetorical Analysis On March 23, 1775, in the meeting hall of St. John’s Church in Richmond, Virginia, a group of important statesmen, merchants, plantation owners, military leaders, and various others met to determine the fate of their beloved colony. The colony of Virginia, under the governorship of Lord Dunmore, was tearing at its seams between monarchists, who remained loyal to the British Crown, and patriots in support of independence. Read MoreLiberty or Death1755 Words   |  8 Pagesaudience to fight for freedom. Through the use of rhetorical strategies, Patrick Henry was successful in convincing the colonies to fight for their freedom from Britain and Malcolm X was successful in convincing African Americans to fight for their rights. To begin with, Patrick Henry was one of the first opponents of British rule in the colonies. He was famous for giving speeches on American Democracy. Patrick Henry’s wit, eloquence, and rhetorical gifts made him a great orator. He eventually becameRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1375 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1101 November 11, 2016 Rhetorical Analysis: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death! Many men were pivotal to the American cause in the War for Independence, and one of the most influential was Patrick Henry. In his famous speech â€Å"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death† Patrick Henry delivered a powerful speech through the manipulative use of language and word choice. On March 23, 1775, the third Virginia convention was held in St. John s Church in Richmond. The convention was held to discuss relationsRead MoreComparison of Thomas Paine and Patrick Henry: Revolutionary Tract876 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough providing reasoning and evidence that moved many colonists to believe that to reach contentment and peace the colonies had to rid themselves of British rule. Henry and Paine were successful in swaying their audience, not only because of the rhetorical strategies used, but also because they were passionate about the cause they were committed to. Both Paine and Henry tried to push for support against Great Britain and motivate the colonists to side with the revolutionaries. Both felt obligatedRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesher religious life, become apart of the abolitionist movement, and give public speeches. Truth wrote a well-known personal experience called An Account of an Experience with Discrimination, and she gave a few famous speech called Ain’t I a Woman? and Speech at New York City Convention. In 1818, Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland. When he was older, he made an escape plan by disguising himself as a sailor and going on a train to New York. When he becameRead More The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay4338 Words   |  18 Pageshis bookish nature, Madison spent the years prior to the American Revolution studying† where he â€Å"resumed his investigations of governmentâ €  (Sheldon 25). Through these investigations, â€Å"Madison found himself being drawn down into the real turmoil of Virginia politics, inflamed by the impending revolution† (Sheldon 26). Madison’s high education and religious morals later shaped his political career, while his own ideas center around a religious emphasis. Garrett Sheldon, who specializes in political

The Virgin of Vladimir Free Essays

http://www. flickr. com/photos/t-a-a/5340663023/  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Virgin of Vladimir Byzantine painting was not realistic in its representations of the divine and super natural. We will write a custom essay sample on The Virgin of Vladimir or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Online Lectures) The final results were paintings and mosaics that had a blending of some naturalistic elements and abstractions. (Online Lectures) The unifying element was that the works were depictions of the Divine for the Church. (Online Lectures) The Virgin of Vladimir an image depicting a mother and child was given to the Russian ruler by the Byzantine emperor somewhere between 1130 and 1135. This image later became known as the Virgin of Vladimir which is believed to have been one of St. Luke’s original paintings painted from real life. (Unknown) As of today it is now considered to be the work of a twelfth century Byzantine artist, to date its true creator is still unknown. This icon has come to be considered the most important and most powerful icon in Russia. (Unknown) This is one of the most copied icons over generations. This icon was credited with protecting Russia in several battles. F. S. Kleiner) Because of this, the Virgin of Vladimir was held in close regards by rulers of Russia. (Unknown) Whenever the capital moved, the icon moved as well. It eventually ended up in Moscow in the late fifteenth century. The Virgin, as seen in the example image that I choose, is holding the child in a tender embrace while looking out to the viewer. It has been said that she is acknowledging Christ’s future sacrifice for all of mankind. This image exhibits all of th e characteristic Byzantine traits: her straight long nose and small mouth, the golden rays in the infant’s drapery; the decorative sweep of the unbroken contour that encloses the two figures; and the flat silhouette against the golden ground. †   (F. S. Kleiner)   This work of art is unified. The artist used actual proportions in this painting; the child is proportionally smaller than the mother. The vividness of the hues of yellows and oranges worked well creating a harmonious piece of art. Overall, I think that this is an interestingly balanced piece of art. Works Cited Kleiner, Fred S. and Mamiya, Christin J. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise History of Western Art. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2007. â€Å"Byzantine Art. † Online Lectures: History of Art in Early Civilization ART1020 XD. Web. 3 September 2011. Unknown. Art Through Time: A Global View . unknown unknown unknown. 4 September 2011 ;http://www. learner. org/courses/globalart/work/219/index. html;. How to cite The Virgin of Vladimir, Papers

Supply Management free essay sample

E)Monthly conferences 34. The effect of different materials on productivity and cost is often the result of: A)Using less costly materials B)Using the latest hi tech materials C)Using computer run machines D)Using more costly materials E)Faster delivery of the materials 35. Which of the following is not a step in the â€Å"Six-step Environment Monitoring Strategy† presented in Chapter 3? A)Identify the major suppliers and customers of the materials and services. B)Build a model that predicts the material (or service) behavior. C)Monitor the model to determine its accuracy. D)â€Å"Run quantitative models to confirm your strategy† E)Continuously make improvements as new relationships are understood and additional data becomes available. 36. In the introductory case at the beginning of Chapter 3, Ted Jones, supply manager for the Eagle Manufacturing Company, expressed his concern about the issue of adequate lead-time for the purchase of a new robot. How much does the lack of adequate lead-time cost in the case? A). We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5 million B)$1. 7 million C)$12. 7 million D)$11 million E)None of the above 37. Why does supply in non-manufacturing organizations have as much impact on profits as it does on manufacturing firms? A)The global nature of services B)Competition in the service industry C)The nature of personal services D)Type of suppliers E)In the absence of engineering departments, supply management must often be the leader in determining requirement 38. Which one does not contribute to the potential conflict between design engineers and supply management professionals? A)Supply managers are only interested in the bottom line B)Engineers naturally tend to design conservatively C)Engineers usually disregard cost or availability D)Supply managers are concerned with cost and availability E)Both differ in their concepts of material 39. What should be the relationship between supply management and logistics? A)Logistics department plays the dominant role B)Supply management plays the dominant role C)Professional and excellent regardless of their task D)No relationship E)An adversarial relationship 40. What approach should attorneys who are involved in supply management embrace? A)Transactional B)Aggressive C)Conservative D)Collaborative E)Adversarial 41. the many internal interfaces of the supply management function begin with: A)Engineering B)Material control C)The customer D)Operations E)Production Control 42. One of the key reasons for a proper interface between design engineering and supply management is: A)Early supplier involvement can reduce design costs and time to market B)It reduces conflict on specifications C)It helps reduce inventory D)It improves ROI E)It improves quality

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review Free Online Research Papers The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, named after two chemists who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction that forms four-membered oxetane rings from a carbonyl and an alkene. Much work has been done with the reaction since Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg published a review article in 1998 on its mechanism and synthetic utility. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has been used recently in attempt to synthesize many natural organic products. In these experiments, the chemists are chiefly concerned with the regio- and diastereoselectivity of the products. This paper will address these selectivity concerns and report on the specific products that have been worked with since Dr. Bach’s 1998 review paper, such as (+)-Preussin and (?)-Oxetin. The following review seeks to be a source of information detailing the recent discoveries in the mechanism and application of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, intended specifically for organic chemists involved in synthesis. Contents Abstract I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 II. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries A. General Mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 B. Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis 1. Regioselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. Stereoselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 III. Specific Synthetic Applications A. Ring Opening Reactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 B. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 IV. Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 V. Literature Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 VI. Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 VII. Figure Captions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 VIII. Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 IX. Schemes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that are affected by or proceed upon application of light energy. Photochemical processes are useful tools in the laboratory because they excite ground-state electrons and form radicals.1 These radicals can be used to add to other molecules to form products that would be impossible or at least more difficult to form using other synthetic methods. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is a synthetic method used in photochemistry that forms oxetane rings through excitation of the electrons on a carbonyl molecule. When the electron on the carbonyl is excited, it forms a radical and adds to an alkene, forming a 1,4-diradical. The diradical then closes and forms the oxetane ring when the two excited 1,4 electrons combine (see Scheme 1). An oxetane is a four-membered cyclic molecule (or part of a molecule) composed of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom (see Figure 1). The configuration of the product oxetane and the diradical explanation of the mechanism were established by Dr. Paternà ² and Dr. Bà ¼chi. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction was named for these two chemists. Their work was published separately; Dr. Paternà ² published his article in Italy in 1909, and Dr. Bà ¼chi’s article was in print by 1954.2 Since 1954, chemists have produced several additional reviews of the reaction. These reviews have only recently begun to appear in the literature; most have been published within in the past 20 years.1 In 1998, Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg wrote one of the most comprehensive review articles concerning the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The review explained the mechanism of the process based on the information available from previous experimentation. Dr. Bach’s paper then continued to detail the specific products that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Much of his work addressed the concerns in regio- and stereoselective yield that arise during photochemical synthesis.1 Understanding the factors affecting regio- and stereoselective yields and other aspects of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction mechanism would greatly aid chemists in their effort to synthesize natural compounds and other organic products. Many of these products have oxetane rings in their structure, and several others are alcohols that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process followed by a ring-opening reaction. In either case, an understanding of the mechanism of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction will aid chemists in obtaining yields with high selectivity.1,3 The selectivity of the yield in a synthetic process is especially important during manufacture of biological compounds, where the regio- or stereochemical structure of a drug can mean the difference between recovery and fatality. Regio- and stereochemical control can be achieved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which provides more efficient and sometimes essential methods of synthesizing many important biological products. The ?-amino acid oxetin, which acts as an antibiotic and herbicide, and the antifungal agent (+)-Preussin are two examples of natural compounds that can be made using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction.4,5 Experiments concerning the synthesis of natural compounds have been recently growing in number. Since the printing of Dr. Bach’s paper in 1998, there have been several such experiments involving the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, and publications reporting the regio- and stereoselective issues and mechanics of the process have appeared in numerous journals. Regardless of the specific interest in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction or photochemistry in general, chemists who are involved in organic synthesis would benefit from the latest knowledge of an efficient synthetic method.5 This review paper, intended then for organic chemists involved in general synthesis, will seek to compile the experimental results of only those publications in print since Dr. Bach’s review article. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries General Mechanism The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction involves promoting electrons into excited states with light and allowing them to form cyclic bonds. The reaction is a type of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, or 2? + 2?, which indicates that two electrons in ? bonds are reacting with two other ? electrons to form two different bonds. The two ? bonds in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction come from a molecule containing an alkene component and a molecule with a carbonyl component. The new bonds formed through this process are ? bonds. Because these ? bonds complete a ring, the reaction is called a cycloaddition. Adding the â€Å"photo-† prefix to the word â€Å"cycloaddition† indicates that the reaction is initiated by light energy.1 When enough light energy is applied to the carbonyl group, an electron in either the nonbonding orbital or the ? bond enters into an excited state wherein the electron is promoted to an anti-bonding orbital (see Scheme 1).6 The promoted electron initially retains its spin, and because electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins, the excited electron and the electron with which it was coupled before excitation still have opposite spins. This electron configuration is known as an excited singlet state, which is abbreviated and represented in Scheme 1 as S1. However, the S1 does not last long (approximately 1–2 ns), and the spin of the promoted electron quickly changes. This situation, in which the promoted electron changes its spin, is called intersystem crossing, or ISC.1 In this case, the excited electron goes through ISC from the S1 to the triplet state, abbreviated T1.6 The initial addition to the alkene 1 can happen either in the T1 or S1. If the carbonyl remains in the singlet state long enough to add to the alkene, it will add to form a transition state resembling a 1,4-diradical 3 with a negligibly short lifetime. The brevity of the lifetime of this diradical results from the fact that the S1 carbonyl has its radical electrons in opposite spins. When a radical electron adds to a full orbital (in this case the full ? molecular orbital on the alkene 1), it will only couple with the electron with opposite spin. The remaining displaced uncoupled electron is thus the same spin as the radical electron that initially added. Hence, the two radical electrons of the diradical formed immediately upon the singlet addition to the alkene 1 will be of opposite spin. Electrons must be of opposite spin to form a molecular bond, and thus the radical electrons in this diradical from the S1 will quickly bond, closing the molecule to form the oxetane ring 4 (see Sch eme 1).6 However, oxetane ring closure takes longer if the T1 carbonyl adds to the alkene 1. Because the radical electrons in the triplet state carbonyl are of similar spin, the resulting 1,4-diradical 2 will also contain two radical electrons of the same spin. As these radical electrons cannot form a bond due to their identical spin, a relatively longer time must pass before one of the electrons changes spin and the bond forms (see Scheme 1).2 Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis Regioselectivity Because an alkene component, by definition, is composed of two carbon atoms held together by a double bond, there exists two points on the alkene where the excited electron on the carbonyl group may add. In the examples in the figures given previously, the alkene used, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, is completely achiral. The two alkene carbons are identical and thus it makes no functional difference to which carbon atom the oxygen adds. However, not all alkene molecules have identical carbons. In fact, most alkenes are chiral and the carbon atoms are not identical. Furthermore, many molecules have two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The regioselectivity, or the preference of one atom to bond to another, is a major concern in synthesis.7 The regioselectivity concern generally arises when the carbonyl adds to the alkene in the triplet state. If the molecule is going to have a measurable 1,4-diradical configuration, as it does when the T1 carbonyl adds, the excited electron on the oxygen atom will tend to add to the side of the alkene that forms the most stable diradical. Bach1 and Adam7 have done extensive studies on the regioselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Adam and Stegmann placed various substrates on a chiral alkene and reacted it with benzophenone. Table 1 displays the scheme of the reaction and his results. As can be observed in each reaction, the methyl groups on the original alkene stabilized the diradical so that the majority of the time the oxygen originally added into the carbon with the R1 and X group. However, in general, as the R1 and X substrates increased in size, decreasing the stability differences between the 1,4-diradicals leading to the 3 and 3’ products, the regiosel ectivity also dropped sharply (refer to Table 1). This experiment provides excellent evidence that regioselectivity is determined by the most stable 1,4-diradical.7 The stability of the 1,4-diradical is not the sole determinant of regioselectivity, however. The phenomenon of hydrogen bonding also has proven to influence regioselectivity. The oxygen atom on the carbonyl may be attracted to a specific hydrogen atom on one side of the alkene. This attraction will then cause a hydrogen bond to form. The carbonyl oxygen will then prefer to add to the carbon atom closest to the bond-forming hydrogen atom. Even though entry 1 in Table 1 has a larger X substrate (OH) attached to the alkene carbon than does entry 2 (H), it gives a much higher regioselectivity. This observation can be explained by the fact that the carbonyl oxygen tends to form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group. Hydrogen bond effects are seen again in Table 2. Note that entry 5 is the only entry without a hydroxy group and hence has the lowest regioselectivity (refer to Table 2). The reaction of substrates 4e-4h can be seen in Figure 2. The carbonyl oxygen coordi nates with the hydroxy group in each case to form a hydrogen bond (see Figure 2).7 Stereoselectivity In the reaction of acetone with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (Figure 1), the reactant molecules were achiral and no new stereocenters were formed. However, in most Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, there are two potentially new stereocenters formed. There could be, of course, feasibly only one stereocenter, or even three, but throughout most of the literature regarding Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, the chemists are centrally concerned with diastereoselectivity.1 Diastereoselective studies involve the preference of a reaction to produce new molecules with two stereocenters. The selective formation of these stereocenters remains a major aim in synthesis. Therefore, the stereochemical information in this review will tend to focus on the recent discoveries in the diastereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. Just as in regiochemistry, the state (T1 or S1) of the excited carbonyl affects the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Griesbeck and associates2 have researched the dependence of the diastereoselectivity on the electron spin direction. This research specifically concerned the addition of aliphatic aldehydes to 2,3 dihydrofuran and 2,3 dihydropyran. The aldehyde was used as the carbonyl group; it was irradiated to excite the electrons initially into the singlet state. Because the aldehyde only has a lifetime of 1–2 nanoseconds in its excited singlet state, trapping reagents had to be used to intercept the carbonyl group in the S1. The products of an excited state singlet carbonyl could then be studied. Griesbeck found that increased concentration of trapping reagent gave increasingly lower diastereoselectivity as more of the aldehyde was trapped in its singlet state. This lower selectivity can be explained plainly in terms of the transition state of the reaction. As the transition state between the reactant singlet carbonyl and the product oxetane has a negligible lifetime, there is no need to be concerned about intermediate stability, geometrical restrictions, or steric interactions. Thus, there is no need for the singlet to be selective in its direction of addition.2 However, addition selectivity plays an important role in the T1. When the carbonyl in the triplet state adds to the alkene, it forms a 1,4 diradical that has a relatively measurable lifetime. This diradical must undergo intersystem crossing in order to close into the oxetane, which requires rigorous geometrical restrictions. Thus, the geometric configuration and stability of this diradical affects the diastereochemical makeup of the product oxetane. In this particular experiment, Griesbeck et al. found that the reaction through the triplet pathway yielded diastereoselectivities of up to 90:10.2 Because the geometric restrictions of the intermediate diradical in the triplet pathway is a major factor in determining the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, steric interactions must be considered. Adam and Stegmann7 studied the diastereoselectivity of the addition of aromatic aldehydes to allylic alcohols. Increasing the size of the R group on the alcohol gave increasingly higher diastereoselectivities (refer to Table 2). This observation indicates that the R group is a steric hindrance to the formation of the erythro-product (see Figure 2). Additional studies by Abe et al.8 conclude similarly that increased size of substrate groups will increase the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Hydrogen bonding can also affect the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction just as this bonding phenomenon has been shown to affect regioselectivity. In another experiment, Griesbeck and Bondock9 tested the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction of prenol and prenyl acetate. Although there was not a major difference in stereoselectivity attained by replacing the hydroxy group with an acetate group, the hydrogen bonding delayed the intersystem crossing. Hydrogen bonding actually proved to activate the electron further on the carbonyl, causing an increase in the time the carbonyl could remain in its singlet-excited state. This increased lifetime allowed more singlet carbonyls to add to the alkene. Because singlet carbonyls generally add to alkenes irrespective of geometry or orientation, an actual decrease in stereoselectivity was observed due to hydrogen-bonding effects. On the other hand, Bach et al.10 found that in their study, hydrogen bonding increased diastereoselectivity. In this experiment, a very complex molecule was used as the alkene, 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one. Because the carbonyl, a chiral aromatic aldehyde, formed a hydrogen bond with the amide hydrogen on the alkene, it formed a stable exciplex with the alkene. This stabilization allowed the carbonyl to add specifically in a constant geometrical conformation, yielding high diastereoselectivity. Because the geometrical conformation of a molecule is often altered by increased heat, temperature can also play a major role in stereoselectivity. Adam and associates11 studied the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi addition of benzophenone to both cis- and trans-cyclooctene at a temperature range of –95  °C to 110  °C. Except for the two extremes, temperature intervals of 20  °C were used. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the likelihood of the conformation change of the cyclooctene. If the cyclooctene changed conformation, the oxetane product was also changed. Lower temperatures favored the highest diastereoselectivity in each case. Specific Synthetic Applications Ring Opening Reactions Once an oxetane ring is formed, it can be then opened conventionally with an agent such as LiAlH4 or sodium metal, creating an alcohol. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction thus becomes an intermediate reaction rather than a terminal one. The advantage of using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction as an intermediate in synthesis concerns stereoselective purity. The ring is opened in a way that the reaction takes place at a non-stereogenic center, and the stereoselectivity is thus preserved.12 Ring opening reactions are key in synthesizing many natural products. For example, prostaglandin analogues and ephedrine are products used often in medicine, and these can be synthesized utilizing the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction and then opening the oxetane ring. Insect pheromones and asteltoxin, a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, can also be formed using this ring-opening process as an intermediate.1 Bach and his group specifically completed the total synthesis of (+)-Preussin.13 (+)-Preussin is a useful antifungal agent. However, only the (+)-enantiomer is active. Therefore, it is absolutely imperative that the stereoselectivity is pure. This purity can be preserved through the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The final product can be formed beginning with the commercially available (S)-pyroglutaminol. The total synthesis of (+) Preussin is given in Scheme 2. (+)-Preussin is certainly useful, but it is in no way the limit of the ring-opening process. As mentioned above, ring-opening reactions can be used to create diastereomerically pure alcohols. The final structure of the alcohol is based on the structure of the oxetane ring molecule. Bach and Eilers12 worked on the synthesis of diols. In this experiment, an oxetane was prepared with a protecting group. The protecting group, a trimethylsilyl ether, and the oxygen atom of the oxetane ring were attached to adjacent carbons. After removing the protecting group, LiAlH4 was applied to the oxetane, opening the ring. A trans-1,2-diol was then obtained at 69-99% yield. Still, diols are not the only alcohols that can be obtained from oxetane rings. Adding N-Acyl enamines to aldehydes in the presence of light energy causes the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Subsequent ring opening using LiAlH4 or LiSBn then can form a cis 1,2 amino alcohol. Bach and Schrà ¶der15 studied this particular synthesis and were able to obtain these products in 65-86% yields. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products Although the ring opening process is extremely useful in synthesis, it is not always necessary to continue after the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has taken place. Some useful natural compounds contain oxetane components and thus use the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process as a terminal step. Oxetanocin, an anti-cancer drug, was synthesized using this reaction. Additionally, the ?-amino acid (?)-oxetin was produced by adding an N-acyl enamine to an aldehyde. (?)-Oxetin has proven to act usefully as an antibiotic and herbicide.4 Summary Understanding the basics of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is straightforward, but the scope of its application and its impact on photochemistry is extensive. Although the majority of chemists do not deal with photochemical processes, knowledge of at least the existence of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction can facilitate the solution to many synthetic problems. The simultaneous formation of both a carbon-oxygen bond and a carbon carbon bond is extremely useful in connecting molecules together. Furthermore, the universal concern of regio- and stereochemical yields are usually solved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which generally adds both regioselectively and stereoselectively. One can generally predict the regio- and stereoselectivity by an analysis of the chemical structure of the two reactants. There are several factors influencing the selectivity, which include diradical stability, steric interaction, hydrogen bonding, and temperature. Additionally, understanding the mechanistic nature of the singlet- and triplet-excited states of the carbonyl plays an important role in predicting and preparing yields. Further knowledge of the mechanism of the reaction will allow for much more accurate and efficient synthesis. Improved synthetic methods will lead to additional discoveries and more effective manufacture of important organic compounds. (?)-Oxetin and oxetanocin are two oxetane-containing compounds that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. However, not all useful compounds created with this reaction are oxetanes. (+)-Preussin, ephedrine, and prostaglandin analogues are alcohols that are synthesized using ring-opening reactions following the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. As chemists at both universities and in the pharmaceutical laboratories gain more knowledge of efficient synthetic techniques, important natural compounds can be more effectively and cheaply made available to their target audience. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has proven useful and effective in the past and as it continues to be studied, it will only enhance the growing arsenal of synthetic chemists. Literature Cited 1. Bach, T. Stereoselective Intermolecular [2+2]-Photocycloaddition Reactions and Their Application in Synthesis. Synthesis 1998, 5, 683–703. 2. Griesbeck, A. G.; Fiege, M.; Bondock, S.; Gudipati, M. S. Spin Directed Stereoselectivity of Carbonyl–Alkene Photocycloadditions. Organic Lett. 2000, 2, 3623–3625. 3. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Brummerhop, H.; Lewis, W.; Harms, K. The [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones to 3,4-Dihydro-2-pyridones: Regioselectivity, Diastereoselectivity, and Reductive Ring Opening of the Product Oxetanes. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4512–4521. 4. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. A Short Synthesis of (?)-Oxetin. Liebigs Ann. / Rescueil 1997, 2265–2267. 5. Bach, T. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of N-Acyl Enamines and Aldehydes – The Development of a New Synthetic Method and its Application to Total Synthesis and Molecular Recognition Studies. Synlett 2000, 12, 1699–1707. 6. Kuteladze, A.G. Conformational Analysis of Singlet–Triplet State Mixing in Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Diradicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9279–9282. 7. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R. Hydroxy-Group Directivity in the Regioselective and Diastereoselective [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds to Chiral and Achiral Allylic Substrates: The Preparation of Oxetanes with up to Three Stereogenic Centers as Synthetic Building Blocks. Synthesis 2001, 8, 1203–1214. 8. Abe, M.; Torii, E.; Nojima, M. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Photocyclization of 2-Siloxyfurans and Carbonyl Compounds. Notable Substituent and Carbonyl (Aldehyde vs. Ketone and Singlet- vs. Triplet-Excited State) Effects on the Regioselectivity (Double-Bond Selection) in the Formation of Bicyclic exo-Oxetanes. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3426–3431. 9. Griesbeck, A.G.; Bondock, S. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Allylic Alcohols and Acetates with Aldehydes: Hydrogen-Bond Interaction in the Excited Singlet and Triplet States? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6191–6192. 10. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Harms, K. High Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Photocycloaddition of a Chiral Aromatic Aldehyde and an Enamide Induced by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10650–10651. 11. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R.; Weinkà ¶tz, S. Unusual Temperature-Dependent Diastereoselectivity in the [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Benzophenone to cis- and trans-Cyclooctene through Conformational Control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2452–2453. 12. Bach, T.; Eilers, F. Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Diols by Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of 3-Oxetanols – A Study Directed Towards the Identification of Suitable Nucleophiles and the Elucidation of Possible Side Reactions. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 2161–2169. 13. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H. Unprecedented Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of a Chiral Dihydropyrole- A Short Total Synthesis of (+)-Preussin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3400–3401. 14. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H.; Harms, K. The Synthesis of (+)-Preussin and Related Pyrrolidinols by Diastereoselective Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Chiral 2 Substituted 2,3-Dihydropyrroles. Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3838–3843. 15. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. Photocycloaddition of N-Acyl Enamines to Aldehydes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Amino Alcohols. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1265–1273. Research Papers on The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis ReviewOpen Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

How to Write a Thesis

How to Write a Thesis How to Write a Thesis How to Write a Thesis By Mark Nichol An analytical or persuasive essay is a capsule thesis, and, like its more substantial analogue, it requires a thesis statement. Here are some notes about how to develop that statement. A thesis statement is a sentence (or two) that encapsulates and introduces an analysis or argument. An essay benefits from a thesis statement by concisely expressing the writer’s argument and serving as a basis for developing and organizing it. If you are assigned to write an essay, whether in an academic or professional setting, the topic may or may not be given. If the topic is specified, you can produce the thesis statement by converting the explanation of the assignment into a question; your response to that question is the thesis statement. For example, if you are asked to write about feeding wild animals, you might pose the question â€Å"Why is feeding wild animals a bad idea?† You might reply, â€Å"Feeding wild animals disrupts natural habits in animals and endangers them and the people who feed them.† You would then research the issue and jot down notes about how feeding wild animals, or making food available to them, might make them dependent on food supplied by humans, which in turn may affect their ability to forage or hunt when the human-provided food may no longer be available. Another supporting point would be the consequences to humans: Animals that are fed may become insistent or even aggressive, damaging property or attacking humans or their pets; diseased animals may infect humans they come in contact with, and so on. If it is your responsibility to select the topic, consider these elements of a successful persuasive essay: the topic is an issue that is arguable (that is, it isn’t a given that every reader would agree with you), and it can be adequately discussed in the framework of the assignment. In addition, confirm that you are adhering to one main idea and that, when you are done, you have not only stated your views but also supported your conclusions. Distinguishing characteristics of effective theses are that they are specific, they clearly state the writer’s position, and they encourage discussion. These qualities should be apparent in the work as a whole as well as in the thesis statement itself. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and Toes30 Baseball IdiomsThe Uses of â€Å"The†

A Research on Communication Technologies and Their Applications Essay

A Research on Communication Technologies and Their Applications - Essay Example This usage may include meetings, trainings and other organizational activities. Cliftons (2012) rightly argue that videoconferencing â€Å"overcomes the problems inherent in communications between regional business centres as well as enabling [the management] to keep in touch with key people whilst away from their office.† It is a matter of in-depth research to determine the exact nature of this technology, explaining the principle behind its operation and conferencing process. An excellent resource for videoconferencing as is the case for almost all things, people, places, and so forth is, of course, Wikipedia. This website has detailed information on this technology. However, it is widely recognized that the site is unreliable and is not often recommended by academic institutions as a resource. Nonetheless, the website proved an effective starting ground that informed this researcher’s efforts at investigating videoconferencing technology. The information provided in the website offered insights as to what specific aspects of the technology should be examined and documented. The preliminary research enabled the identification of at least two types of videoconferencing platforms. There is the case of the software designed as standalone application used to communicate with others over the Internet using computers, camera and other tools. For example, there is Windows Live, Yahoo Messenger and Skype. These are popular examples of softwares developed for videoconferencing. Users can download these applications for free or for a fee and they can use it to communicate with others through the web. Using Internet connections, videoconferencing software is installed in the personal computer and it could allow users to make video and/or audio calls with others who have installed the same application in their computers. Skype is capable of accommodating up to ten participants in an audio-video conference. The conference takes place real-time. Some of these tools can accommodate two or more participants, hence, successfully achieving the nature of the conferencing concept. The second type of videoconferencing tool includes those designed to work on Internet browsers. These are systems called web applications and are built by web developers and embedded in web sites. Internet users can login to these browser-based video conferencing platforms. These are also called video chat rooms over the Internet. For example, www.videoconference.com is a straightforward website that lets visitors create video chat rooms easily and immediately. A user can create a video conferencing room and can inform those he or she wants to talk to and directs them to the web address where the video conferencing is to take place. During the 1990s, videoconferencing was an expensive affair and that organizations and individuals were averse to spending huge amount on the technology (Webopedia 2012). Today, however, they are sold cheaply and most of them are offered for free. This fact, in addition to its capabilities outlined above, makes videoconferencing a popular and beneficial tool both for personal and business use. Of course, as with the case of other Internet technological applications, it is dependent on the Internet bandwidth, which may be slow in other countries. This could prove problematic in using the technology to communicate with people from such areas. Geostationary Satellites According to the website, www.reformation.org,

Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Case Study Example Some people believe that workplace romantic relationships should be allowed and that employers should never try to inhibit them. Others, on the other hand, believe that these relationships should be inhibited and that the employees should not be allowed to express their feelings and emotions at work because this interferes with proper workplace ethics (Cohen, 2009). Consensual relationship agreement is a process that has been suggested for managing workplace relationships. A consensual relationship agreement is like a relationship contract where two individuals sign an agreement that explicitly reveals their personal and romantic relationships. As they sign the agreement, they agree to be in the relationship willingly and that their relationship will not affect their professionalism in the workplace. Advantages Consensual relationship agreements are extremely useful both to employees and the organization. Having employees sign this kind of agreement will be useful in making sure that any personal relationships in the workplace are well managed (Hellriegel, 2007). Employees will be sure that if the relationship takes a different course that it was meant, they will not be victimized by their partners by being sued for sexual harassment. A consensual relationship agreement will also help the employees to be sober about their professionalism and be able to separate their personal and professional life. Moreover, signing a consensual relationship agreement will be a better way of aiding the employees in having a relationship that they are not ashamed of and that has a better foundation. Consensual relationship agreements are no more of privacy intrusion than a marriage contract, especially considering that there is nothing for employees to be shameful about if their relationship is open and not based on negative foundations such as immorality or cheating other existing spouses. Employees can also benefit from the consensual relationship agreement because it will pro tect them from getting into relationships with people who are not serious about the relationship. All these factors indicate that the workplace will be improved and that the negative effects that come from personal relationships in the workplace will not be a problem. Argument Against Consensual relationship agreements also have negative impacts. For one reason, the use of consensual relationship agreements assumes that the relationships have a starting point. It is not easy to determine when and where a romantic relationship starts so that the parties involved can decide to sign the contract. While the whole idea of consensual relationship agreements is good because it is meant to make the workplace a better place and avoid confusions in the workplace, its implementation can only remain to be elusive. Studies show that employees resent being micromanaged even from a professional point of view, let alone from a personal point of view. Telling employees that they have to sign a contr act or an agreement in order for them to have a personal relationship is not as practical as it is theoretical. The spirit of consensual relationship agreements may be good, but how to implement is the problem. The other issue with consensual relationship agreements is that it fails to consider that relationships are volatile and always shifting. For instance, two people in a

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian Tradition :: Interview Essays

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian Tradition "I don't mind if my parents try to find a boy for me. Arranged marriages are still a common thing in my family. I don't know what my parents will say if I have a boyfriend here and he is from another country. I am sure that they will not adamantly reject it, but they maybe disappointed." What a surprise for me that in the year 2000, there are some people who still undergo arranged marriages. I am thinking that it must be awkward for me to do it, but it is not for Preeti. Preeti Kela, a freshman student at State College, was born and raised in the crowded city of Calcutta. Her long, black, and wavy hair, her caramel skin color, her black eyes, and her facial features make it obvious to others that she is Indian. Her family came from Rajashtan, one of the states in India. It is true that for her family, arranged marriages are not something new. Her older sister went through one last summer. Moreover, Preeti does not mind this tradition as long as her parents give her enough time to get to know the man and feel comfortable with him, and she can decide on her own whether or not to marry him. Although she seems quiet and shy, Preeti is not a close-minded woman and she always expresses her opinion. She is open to new ideas and different cultures. She went to a British Catholic school from the very beginning of her education. She had to learn everything using English. It shows that Preeti opens to new things since her childhood. If she agrees with the tradition of arranged marriage, it does not necessarily mean she just does whatever it says. She told me that once she argued with her mom about the way they pray. Her mom, who is a conservative Hindu, required her to pray in front the idols, read the mantra, and does meditation in the big temple or her family shrine. Preeti likes to pray in her room by herself. For her, it is not necessary to pray in a specific place and read the mantra every time she prays, and it does not need to be in front of the idols.

An analysis of the title sequence of Fresh Prince of Bel-Air

I am going to talk about the camera shots and angles for each scene; the different mise-en-scenes and the unusual narrative in the beginning, I will also mention the different typefaces (text) used; the Characters; the language; colours and music The Fresh Prince of Bel-air is a typical American teenage show, with a big multi-media star. The show has been a long-running success and is famous all over the world. I am going to begin this essay by addressing the unusual narrative. This goes on for the whole of the title sequence. It explains the story in RAP (Rhythm And Poetry). It begins off by saying: â€Å"Now this is a story all about how my life got twisted upside down, and I'd like to take a minute so just sit right there and I'll tell you about how I became a prince of a town called Bel-air.† The music is an easy beat to attract all types of teenagers. The first mise-en-scene which is Will Smith who plays the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air sitting on a rotating throne with the graffiti wall in the background. The titles and The graffiti are brightly coloured to attract teenagers to the show. The graffiti is also usually very popular to teenagers. A majority of teenagers will also see graffiti in their country as well as America where the show is filmed. The camera angles (high/medium angle) adds meaning to the shot and links the props to the theme. The throne is there to emphasise the phrase Prince and it also represents teenagers thoughts and dreams about being rich. The second mise-en-scene has about ten seconds filming time, in this short scene Will Smith is seen writing graffiti on the wall and the policeman is shaking his baton constantly at him to stop. The directors make the policeman look silly because many teenagers think people with high authority such as policeman can easily be made fun of. The third mise-en-scene is the basketball court scene, in this scene Will Smith is playing basketball when the ball swerved off course and hit some bullies in the head. The camera angle shows the bullies expressions as they approach Will Smith. Will Smiths clothes are bright and colourful and stands out against the bullies black clothes and complexion. The directors made the bullies dress in black to indicate that they are bad people. In the same scene the bullies grab Will Smith and start spinning him around. The camera angle is a high shot, the camera was placed above to make Will look submissive. The fourth mise-en-scene is Will Smith's ugly mother waving her finger at the camera saying† Your moving with your auntie and uncle in Bel-Air.† The camera shot was a close up to reflect her expression. The fifth scene is the scene when Will Smith is about to leave for Bel-Air. Will Smith is shown whistling for a cab, the camera is directed at the licence plate which reads ‘FRESH' and the camera is directed back at Will Smith. The yellow American taxi pulls up besides him, he slaps the drivers hand and walks over to the passenger door, climbs in and calls out â€Å"Yo home to Bel-Air!† The last scene is the scene where the taxi pulls up to the Bel-Air mansion and Will climbs out of the taxi and calls to him â€Å"Yo ho smell ya later†. He turns to the Bel-Air mansion and says: â€Å"Looked at my kingdom and I was finally there to settle my throne as the prince of Bel-Air!† This show does target teenagers successfully because the RAP story narrative is what many teenagers will like and take more notice of. The colours are bright and loud not dull and boring to make the audience take more notice. The typefaces(text) are usually in graffiti style writing to attract teenagers to read it and to be more aware of what they are reading. The music throughout the narrative was an easy beat because its fun and easy to listen to. Many teenagers in America listen to RAP/R&B so the music in the beginning is similar to what they would usually listen to. All the mise-en-scenes have a meaning, they show teenagers things they associate with and things they would like to have. All camera angles are positioned to show either: Meaning to an object, Emotion towards the subject or link themes to their backgrounds. This show has been proved to target teenagers successfully because it is now very highly rated by many teenagers.

`` Dream Story `` By Arthur Schnitzler - 1419 Words

Arthur Schnitzler was an Austrian novelist and playwright who wrote about lust and infidelity in twentieth century Vienna. His narrative, â€Å"Dream Story†, was first published in 1925. The story tells of a married couple living a comfortable lifestyle. The husband is a thirty-five-year-old doctor. The younger wife is occupied by her responsibilities as wife and mother. In 1999, Stanley Kubrick released Eyes Wide Shut, which is his adaptation of Schnitzler’s â€Å"Dream Story†. In Kubrick’s film, Schnitzler’s protagonists, Fridolin and Albertine, are renamed Bill and Alice Harford. The similarities between Eyes Wide Shut and Schnitzler’s â€Å"Dream Story† is astonishing. The film’s narrative is updated from turn of the century Vienna to present-day New York, however the plot of the novella remains intact. In both stories, a wife tantalizes her husband with erotic reminiscences of her desire and lust for another man. A s a result, the envious, resentful husband sets out on a nightly excursion to try and alleviate his damaged dignity and to fulfill his unsatisfied sexual desires. The plots of both works are approximately the same, with only a few alternations affecting how the audience views the film. Kubrick integrates changes to the novella in order to clarify the film. Thesis? Albertine’s dream in â€Å"Dream Story† is more extensive and detailed than Alice’s dream in Eyes Wide Shut. When Fridolin arrives back home from the orgy, his wife Albertine wakes up from a dream thatShow MoreRelated`` Dream Story `` By Arthur Schnitzler973 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Schnitzler’s piece, â€Å"Dream Story,† constructs the tale of a man’s desire to stray from the norm where he wishes to lose himself and reality. In Schnitzler’s work, there is a loss of mindfulness for modern society in order to explore a more coveted lifestyle full of pleasures. The aut hor’s tactics encompass foreshadowing, symbolism, and figurative language to give a full account on this gentleman’s journey to a warped reality. â€Å"Dream Story† employs the use of symbolism to differentiate theRead MoreStream of Consciousness in Arthur Schnitzler ´s Fraulein Else580 Words   |  2 Pages In Arthur Schnitzler’s novella Frà ¤ulein Else, the stream of consciousness narrative form creates a more in-depth portrait of Else’s mindset and thinking. Even though the narrative may seem contradictory and erratic at first, this is only a result of the more extensive portrayal of her mental process, which includes elements not present in a more conventional narrative. The path of Else’s thoughts is indirect and recursive, but this portrayal of thinking is closer to the actual process of thinking